This can be attained by modifying the framework or by observation and experimentation. In the case of normal science, the desired outcome is something that is expected to happen and nothing new or novel. This framework places certain questions or puzzles which arise out of anomalies or irregularities which need to be solved to attain the desired outcome. A number of assumptions and hypothesis help scientists arrive at a paradigm that they rigorously follow to gain their desired result. During this phase, they carry out their work on the basis of an intellectual framework or a paradigm. He explained this phase where a community or group of scientists are working together on a shared and common question or topic. According to him, ‘normal science’ is where the scientific process goes on in a normal and regular or usual way. The second phase is what he called normal science. There are many interpretations which happen during this phase.Ģ. The first phase is where scientists are exploring various theories and fundamentals and have not yet arrived at any model and framework to follow. More specifically in his words, a series of phases. Kuhn further stated that the discoveries of scientific theories are based upon a series of events. This is what Kuhn discovered in his book and it changed the way we perceive the scientific world. The change in the interpretation and understanding of things, words or phenomena might also lead to a paradigm shift. However, the work might be helpful to carry out further research or to even dismiss certain courses of action so that the same mistake is not repeated. If anyone was working according to the older interpretations then their work might seem baseless in the new age. ![]() However, later on, the words changed their course and Awful took an entirely negative form and meaning while Awesome took a positive one. The words awful and awesome were synonymous at one point. A case in point is the word ‘Awe’, which in Old English was described as dreadful. And during that particular point in time notions surrounding that topic might be different which resulted in the outcome. He mentioned in his book that the perception and interpretation of a few things were different at the given point of time when the discovery took place. Kuhn observed that multiple scientific discoveries which now or sometimes back then seemed absurd had a major role in future discoveries and inventions. We notice paradigm shifts in our day to day life. This can be described as a paradigm shift. Certain changes can be made to the existing plan or the entire plan can be scrapped for a new one. ![]() The non-feasibility of that plan is understood through observations and experiments or the trial and error method. However, if that plan is not working for that person, they might change it. That plan or pattern of exercising or dieting can be called a Paradigm. For instance, if a person wants to lose a few kilos and get into shape, then that person will follow a diet and exercise plan. In layman’s words paradigm is a model or a pattern which is often followed to arrive at a conclusion or to get the results. When we come across the word ‘Paradigm Shift’, it seems more like jargon having scientific meaning and implications but it is really simple. This led to the discovery of the word paradigm shift which we commonly use nowadays. He found a common structure or pattern among all those patterns which led to the discovery and evolution of science. He came across multiple case studies and the journey of the work of prominent scientists and their discoveries. These particular years brought him close to the history and the evolution of science. During his later years, he taught science to humanities students as a part of the General Education in Science curriculum. A PhD in Physics, Kuhn studied at Harvard University and his work revolved around Quantum Physics. He coined the word ‘Paradigm Shift’, which is commonly used in his famous book named ‘The Structure of Scientific Revolutions published in 1962. Thomas Kuhn was an American philosopher of science who changed how we look at the world and the happenings around us.
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